State And Ngo Humanitarian Interventions In Flood Management: Evidence From The 2025 Floods In Adamawa State

Abstract

Flooding remains one of the most recurrent and destructive natural disasters in Nigeria, with Adamawa State particularly vulnerable due to its topography and reliance on rain-fed agriculture. The 2025 floods displaced thousands, destroyed farmlands, and heightened risks of hunger and disease, exposing the limitations of state response mechanisms. This study assessed the humanitarian interventions of the Adamawa State government and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) such as UNICEF, ActionAid, and the Nigerian Red Cross during the 2025 floods. Guided by Governance Theory, which emphasizes collaboration, accountability, and participation among state and non-state actors, the study employed a survey design. Data were collected from 320 flood victims through questionnaires and supplemented with interviews from key informants in NEMA, SEMA, and NGOs. Quantitative data were analysed using percentages and standard deviation, while qualitative responses were thematically analysed. Findings revealed that both state and NGO interventions were dominated by food and clothing distribution, though gaps existed in medical support and long-term recovery measures. While 69% of respondents affirmed positive impacts of interventions, challenges such as inadequate funding, weak synergy, diversion of relief materials, and political interference undermined effectiveness. The study recommended stronger collaboration between state and NGOs, involvement of traditional and religious institutions, and enhanced monitoring, funding, and early warning systems. The study concludes that sustainable and coordinated humanitarian governance is essential for building community resilience against recurrent flooding in Adamawa State.