Elite Capture And The Paradox Of Democracy In Nigeria: Who Gains And Who Loses

Abstract

This study examines elite capture (power, resources, and decision-making process) and the paradox of democracy in Nigeria, where democratic institutions exist but produce inequitable governance. Employing a qualitative methodology, it integrates case studies (2012 fuel subsidy scandal, 2023 elections), document analysis, and secondary data to investigate how elites politicians, business tycoons, and traditional leaders dominate power and resources through patronage, resource control, electoral manipulation, and policy capture. The findings reveal that elites amass significant wealth and influence, while the masses, including the rural poor, youth, and marginalized groups, endure high poverty (40.1%), unemployment (33%), and limited access to education and healthcare. This disparity fuels voter apathy, with only 27% turnout in the 2023 elections, and widespread institutional distrust, posing risks to democratic stability. The study highlights how mechanisms like oil revenue mismanagement and vote-buying entrench elite dominance, exacerbating inequality (Gini coefficient 35.9) and undermining democratic ideals. It proposes institutional reforms, equitable policies, and enhanced roles for civil society, media, and technology to counter elite capture. Contributing to political science and African studies, this article offers insights into Nigeria’s governance challenges and suggests pathways for democratic consolidation, with potential applications to other resource-rich African states. Future research could explore comparative analyses and digital platforms’ roles in fostering accountability.